Use of Liposomes Containing Carbohydrates for Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal anticarbohydrate antibodies have been widely utilized for the study of expression, distribution, and function of carbohydrate determinants on a variety of cells and tissues (Table 1 ) (1 ). Functional analysis of glycolipids and glycoproteins has been greatly facilitated by the application of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal anticarbohydrate antibodies have been also utilized for expression cloning of glycosyltransferases and related genes (2 ,3 ). Table 1 Applications of Anticarbohydrate Antibodies in Cell Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine
1. | Study of expression and distribution of carbohydrate determinant in various cells and tissues, including semiquantitative analysis by immunoassay and flow cytometry. |
(i) Analysis of glycoproteins by Western blot and/or immunoprecipitation. | |
(ii) Analysis of glycolipid pattern by TLC-immunostaining. | |
(iii) Structural analysis of carbohydrate determination by a combination of multiple monoclonal antibodies and enzymatic degradation. | |
2 | Separation of specific glycoproteins and cell populations. |
(i) Isolation of glycoproteins by affinity chromatography. | |
(ii) Separation of a specific type of cells having a specific cell-surface carbohydrate marker by flow cytometric and/or immunomagnetic bead method. | |
3. | Expression cloning of glycosyltransferases |
4. | Study of function of cell surface carbohydrate determinants such as cell adhesive activity by cell-adhesion inhibition experiments. |
5. | Clinical applications. |
(i) Diagnosis of cancer using serum levels of cancer-associated carbohydrate markers. | |
(ii) Imaging and treatment of cancer using antibodies directed to cancer-associated carbohydrate determinants by targeting of drugs with drug antibody complex. |
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