Poly(Carbamoyl Sulfonate) Hydrogels

Conventional biopolymers for entrapment of cells (e.g., calcium alginate, κ-carrageenan) are nontoxic to cells because of the natural raw materials and the gentle immobilization procedure. However, they have disadvantages in their poor mechanical stability (e.g., they are very sensitive to abrasion in stirred reactors) and biodegradability under nonsterile conditions.