生物化学

Less common disorders:P

2025-04-08 生物化学加入收藏

DISEASE AND CAUSESPATHOPHYSIOLOGYSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSParaphiliaPsychosexual disord

DISEASE AND CAUSES	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY	SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
*Paraphilia*
Psychosexual disorder	Dependence on unusual behaviors or fantasies to achieve sexual excitement.	Exhibitionism Fetishism Frotteurism (rubbing against another person without his consent) Pedophilia Sexual masochism Sexual sadism Transvestic fetishism Voyeurism
*Pediculosis*
Infestation by the lice parasite	Ectoparasite attaches itself to the hair shaft with claws and louse feeds on blood several times daily; resides close to the scalp to maintain its body temperature. Itching may be due to an allergic reaction to louse saliva or irritability.	Itching Eczematous dermatitis Inflammation Tiredness Irritability Weakness Lice present in hair (head, axilla, and pubic)
*Penile cancer*
Preceded by chronic irritation, condylomata acuminata, uncircumcised	Neoplasms may be benign or malignant; latter are usually squamous cell carcinomas.	Painless ulcerations on the glans or foreskin Discharge Small, warty plaque
*Pheochromocytoma*
Polyglandular multiple endocrine neoplasia	Tumor of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla that causes an increased production of catecholamines.	Hypertension High blood sugar High lipid levels Headache Palpitations Sweating Dizziness Constipation Anxiety
*Pituitary tumor*
Cause unknown	Tumors are usually macroadenomas with self-secreting thyroid-stimulating hormone.	Signs of hyperthyroidism without skin and eye manifestations Goiters High free thyroxine levels
*Plague*
Infection due to Yersinia pestis	Acute infection transmitted by a flea bite from an infected rodent.	Painful, inflamed buboes Hemorrhagic or necrotic areas Sudden high fever Myalgia Delirium Prostration Restlessness Toxemia Staggering gait
*Pleurisy*
Several causes including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and tuberculosis	Inflammation of the pleura with exudation into the cavity and lung surface.	Chilliness Stabbing chest pain Fever Suppressed cough Pallor Dyspnea
*Pneumoconioses*
Inhalation of dust particles, usually in an occupational setting	Chronic and permanent disposition of particles in the lungs causes a tissue reaction, which may be harmless or destructive.	Critical exposure Emphysema Shortness of breath Cough Fatigue Weakness Weight loss
*Polycythemia vera*
Cause unknown; possibly due to a multipotential stem cell defect	Increased production of RBCs, neutrophils, and platelets inhibits blood flow to microcirculation, resulting in intravascular thrombosis.	Usually no symptoms in early stages. In later stages, related to expanded blood volume and system affected: Weakness, headache, light-headedness, visual disturbances, and fatigue Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
*Polymyositis*
Cause unknown; may be due to viral or autoimmune reaction	Damage of skeletal muscle by an inflammatory process dominated by lymphocytic infiltration leads to progressive muscle weakness.	Proximal muscle weakness, dysphonia, dysphagia, and regurgitation Polyarthralgias, joint effusions, and Raynaud's phenomenon Rash associated with muscular pain, tenderness, and induration
*Porphyrias*
Due to inherited or acquired disorders of specific enzymes in heme biosynthetic pathway	Biosynthesis of heme is affected by metabolic disorders that causes excessive production and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors.	Nonspecific symptoms, generally abdominal pain, neurologic symptoms, tachycardia, hypertension, muscle weakness, and skin lesions
*Postherpetic neuralgia*
Complication of the chronic phase of herpes zoster	Varicella virus in ganglia of the posterior nerve roots reactivates, multiplies, and spreads down the sensory nerves to the skin.	Intractable neurologic pain lasting over 6 weeks after disappearance of herpes zoster rash
*Proctitis*
Contributing factors that allow the normal mucosa to break down include trauma, infection, allergies, radiation, stress, and sexually transmitted diseases	Acute or chronic inflammation of the rectal mucosa.	Mild rectal pain, mucous discharge, bleeding, feeling of rectal fullness, and tenesmus
*Pseudogout*
Cause unknown; associated with conditions that cause degenerative or metabolic changes in cartilage	Calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposit in periarticular joint structures.	Sudden joint pain and swelling in larger peripheral joints; mimics other form of arthritis
*Ptosis*
Due to congenital (autosomal dominant trait or anomaly) or acquired (age, mechanical, myogenic, neurogenic, or nutritional) factors	Stretching of eyelid skin or aponeurotic tendon causes upper eyelid to droop. Lesion affects innervation of either of two muscles that open the eyelid.	Drooping of upper eyelid
*Pyloric stenosis*
Congenital; cause unknown	Pyloric sphincter muscle fibers thicken and become inelastic, leading to a narrowed opening. The extra peristaltic effort that is necessary leads to hypertrophied muscle layers of the stomach.	Progressive nonbilious vomiting, leading to projectile vomiting at ages 2 to 4 weeks

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